world是什么词(【BBC长文】Brexit的词性研究)

Word StoryBrexit脱欧From ‘Bremain’ and ‘Bregret’ to ‘Euro-Fudge’, Christine Ro takes a look at the new phrases and expressions coined by a referendum.

从“留在欧洲”，到“后悔脱欧”，再到“蒙混欧洲”，克里斯汀罗带我们探讨脱欧公投以后造出的新语新词。

原文地址http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20190314-how-brexit-changed-the-english-language

Earlier in March, the British poet Brian Bilston published a new piece on Twitter. Entitled Meaningful Vote, it ends with the lines “How foolish, it seems/How senseless, absurd/To redefine a nation/In pursuit of a word”. ‘Brexit’ has quickly shot into everyday use – as inevitable in British conversations as ‘sorry’ or commentary on the weather. For those who aren’t yet Brexhausted, there are some interesting parallels between ‘Brexit’ (the word) and Brexit (the political phenomenon).

3月初，英国诗人布莱恩比尔斯在推特上发表了一篇新作，题目为《极具意义的投票》该诗的结尾几句是：“看起来多么愚昧/多么无知，荒诞/一个国家被重新定义/仅为了一个单词”脱欧很快就变成人们的日常用词，在英国人的对话中，像是谦辞歉意，或者谈论天气，经常会出现。

对于那些还没对脱欧感到厌倦的人，就对词汇“脱欧”和政治现象中的脱欧之间，饶有兴致地来回对比It might seem a long time ago now, but Brexit was preceded by Grexit. A pair of Citigroup economists first used the term ‘Grexit’ in February 2012, to refer to the possibility of Greece leaving the eurozone. Three months later, Peter Wilding coined ‘Brexit’, describing it as ‘another sad word’, in a think-tank article. Wilding, a solicitor, worked on EU policy and media for the Conservative Party under David Cameron. He’s a Remainer who thinks that the catchiness of ‘Brexit’ helped the Leave campaign, and thus now regrets creating the word. This may be the original Bregret.

“英国脱欧”似乎是很早之前就出现了，但是“希腊脱欧”早于英国脱欧花旗集团的2位经济学家于2012年2月首次使用了“希腊脱欧”这个词语，用来指代希腊可能脱离欧元区三个月后，皮特怀尔丁新创了“英国脱欧”一词，并在一篇智库文章中将其描述成“这是另一个令人感伤的词语”。

怀尔丁是一名律师，曾与戴维卡梅伦领导下的保守党协作研究欧盟政策和媒体他是一名留欧派，认为“脱欧”这个词朗朗上口，有助于脱欧，现在他很后悔发明了这个词这就是“悔欧”的来源Coffee TimeAn additional irony is that ‘Brexit’ has become a rallying cry for those who want a more distant relationship with Europe, when the word ‘exit’ is a borrowing from Latin. “Because of the word itself, we have been painted into a corner,” argues Cardiff University linguist Lise Fontaine. “By accepting this term, by repeating it, by making it so frequent that it comes out automatically, we have closed down alternative perspectives and ideas about ending the UK’s membership with the European Union.” These alternative perspectives might have included more attention from the outset to Northern Ireland, which is of course part of the UK but strictly speaking not part of Britain (the large island of England, Wales and Scotland).

另一个讽刺之处就是，“脱欧”已经成为想和欧洲保持距离的集结口号，但是“离开（exit）”这个词源自拉丁语卡迪夫大学的语言学家丽萨方丹指出：“由于这个词本身，我们被迫逼到了尴尬的境地接受，不断重复，并且频繁使用这个词，以至于人们能脱口而出，所以我们放弃了关于停止对英国所持有的联盟成员资格的其他看法和主张。

”这替代性主张可能从一开始对北爱尔兰过分关注就有了虽然该地区有部分是联合王国的领土，但严格来说并不是不列颠（既有英格兰，巍峨是和苏格兰组成的岛屿）的一部分Fontaine’s research into the semantics of ‘Brexit’ shows that after a brief flirtation with the ‘Brixit’ spelling, ‘Brexit’ became standard. But in the early days ‘Brexit’ was marked with quotation marks, boldface, definitions, and terms like ‘so-called’—showing that even with a standardised spelling, the term’s usage hadn’t become fully normalised.

方丹在研究”英国脱欧（Brexit’）”的语义学时发现，在与“Brixit”这种拼法出现简单地混合后，“brexit”的拼写显得标准但是最早出现“Brexit”这个单词时候，仍需要使用引号，上下加粗、进行定义以及带上“所谓的”前缀修饰，这就显示出拼写已标准化，也说明，这种说法的使用还没完全常规化。

Indeed, ‘Brexit’ didn’t take off for several years, until the lead-up to the 2015 general election in the UK. One of Cameron’s campaign pledges was for a renegotiation of the British relationship with the EU. It was from this period, and especially following the announcement of the referendum, that ‘Brexit’ exploded. Fontaine recalls suddenly hearing the term everywhere in cabs and pubs. In 2016 Collins Dictionary named it the word of the year. By the end of 2016 it was a global word, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, which has also noted related coinages like ‘Brexit dividend’.

确实，“Brexit”这个单词一直是到几年后才开始流行卡梅隆的竞选承诺之一就是重新协商欧洲和英国的关系从这一时期开始，尤其是在脱欧公投宣布以后，“英国脱欧”使用频率激增方丹会议说，突然听到出租车和酒吧等每个地方都在谈论这个词。

在2016年，柯林斯词典将其评选为年度词汇按照牛津英语词典的说法，到2016年底，它已经成为一个全球性词汇，牛津还记录了类似“脱欧红利”这类创新词汇In addition to the flourishing of new terms, Brexit has brought certain words into new or changed prominence. ‘Unicorn’ has become a term used to discredit ‘unrealistic’ Brexiteers, with the European Council president Donald Tusk sharing a letter from a six-year-old featuring a drawing of the mystical creature. ‘Backstop’ is another example. Until late 2017, web search results for ‘backstop’ were dominated by sports fans or finance experts. It’s since become synonymous with the open border between Ireland and Northern Ireland – a sticking point in the Brexit negotiations.

除了新词大量涌现，英国脱欧还重新赋予，或者改变了某些词汇的重要性“独角兽”已变成诋毁脱欧派不切实际的词语，欧洲理事会总统唐纳德图斯克分享了一名六岁儿童给他写的信，信里画了一个神秘的生物“backstop”就是另外一个例子。

直到2017年底，网搜就能搜到“backstop”这个词的话，得到的结果主要是和体育迷或者金融专家有关从此以后，这个词跟爱尔兰和北爱尔兰之间的开放式边界有关--而这个边界也是脱欧协议中过不去的坎Coffee Time

Turning ‘Brexit’ into art把“脱欧”变成艺术‘Backstop’ and its variations are just a few of the many terms that appear in The Brexit Lexicon, a video installation by artist Simon Roberts. This artwork contains two parts: an 80-minute video of a newsreader reciting an alphabetised list of words and phrases related to Brexit; and a projection of the teleprompter he’s reading. The effect is overwhelming.

“backstop”和它的引申义，仅仅是艺术家西蒙罗伯茨的影响艺术展《脱欧字典》中出现的众多词汇中的一部分这个艺术作品包含两部分：一段80分钟的视频播放播报员，按照字母顺序朗诵与英国脱欧有关的的单词和短语；以及他正在阅读投词器投射的内容。

这效果令人叹为观止Roberts has been collecting these terms since the day after the referendum, whose result shocked him into wanting to make artwork about Brexit. It was a laborious process to collect this lexicon. For two years Roberts scoured social media and news media to make note of nearly 5,000 new expressions describing some aspect of Brexit. Early on he noticed an infusion of technical terms, and then a flowering of political soundbites. There was also a clustering of expressions around specific events, such as the July 2018 Brexit plan agreed at the Chequers country house. This gave rise to, among many other phrases, ‘Chequers Blueprint’, ‘Chequers Checkmated’, ‘Chequers Euro-fudge’ and ‘Chuck Chequers’.

罗伯茨从公投结束后就开始收集这些词语，让他震惊的公投结果，促使他想要制作这类有关脱欧的艺术作品收集这类词汇是个体力活两年实践中，罗伯特在社交媒体和新闻媒体四处搜寻，记录了5000个描述英国脱欧的新词汇一开始，他注意到的是专业词汇的输入，随后是政治言论不断涌现。

围绕一些特殊事件，例如2018年7月，在切克思乡间别墅达成的脱欧计划这也萌生了“切克斯蓝图”，“切克斯挫败”“切克斯蒙蔽欧盟”“切克斯遭受抛弃”

It’s clear from The Brexit Lexicon that ‘Brexit’ has spilled outside the political realm. Since the referendum there have been dozens of new company registrations with ‘Brexit’ in their names, as well as applications for trademarks for items like Brexit biscuits and Brexit energy drinks.

从《脱欧字典》中可以明显看出“脱欧”已经外溢到政治领域以外的地方自从脱欧公投以来，几十家新注册的企业名字中带有“脱欧”字样，还有诸如脱欧饼干和脱欧能量饮料等商品的商标申请The international spread of ‘Brexit’。

“脱欧”的国际扩散A few aspects have helped ‘Brexit’ become ubiquitous. One is the playfulness of English, particularly British English. The British tabloids have excelled at punning headlines in the post-referendum era. A sampling of the newspeak collected for The British Lexicon – including ‘All the Authority of a Smacked Blancmange’, ‘Fudgiest Fudge in the History of Euro-fudge’, and ‘Ambitious Managed Divergence’ – shows the variety of dark humour, bureaucratese and linguistic novelty people have employed in attempts to explain Brexit.

促成脱欧无处不再的因素有：第一，英语的趣味性，尤其是英式英语带来的趣味性在后公投时代，英国的通俗小报玩双关的标题已经特别出彩《欧盟字典》中收录的官话样本，其中包括了“一块被拍扁的牛奶冻的权威”，“蒙蔽欧盟是世界上最粗制滥造的骗局”，以及“雄心勃勃的可控分离”--展示出人们试图解释脱欧时，采用不同类型的黑色幽默，官僚语言，和语言学创新。

Coffee Time“English has a long and rich tradition of verbal humour. British media in particular are no strangers to various kinds of wordplay,” says Gordana Lalić-Krstin. She and Nadežda Silaški, who teach language at the University of Belgrade, have researched other neologisms (or new terms) influenced by Brexit.

戈尔达娜说；“英国有着悠长且丰富的语言幽默史英国媒体特别对各类的文字游戏也很熟悉”她和目前的贝尔格莱德大学教授语言的娜杰日达，一起研究了受脱欧影响而出现的新词汇‘Brexit’has given rise to possibilities like ‘Califexit’ (which could be the title of a Red Hot Chili Peppers album, and defines California leaving the US) and ‘Fixit’ (which sounds like a plumber’s tool, but refers to the possibility of Finland leaving the EU). Silaški and Lalić-Krstin have also recorded this structure being used in terms like ‘Mexit’ (for the retirement of footballer Lionel Messi) and ‘Trexit’ (if a US resident decides to leave the country due to Donald Trump).。

“英国脱欧”催生出“加脱”（这里可能是指加利福尼亚州脱离美国独立，来自红辣椒乐队专辑名字），以及“芬脱”（听起来像是修水管的工具，其实是指可能芬兰脱离欧盟）西拉什基与拉力奇还记录了其他使用这种结构的词语，例如“梅退”（就是足球运动员梅西退役）和“特朗离”（美国公民因为特普朗而决定离开美国）。

These reshapings are helped along by the international reach of English. “The global dominance of English, especially on the internet, means that words spread fast, and may be adopted by different languages or by different varieties of English more readily than ever before,” Lalić-Krstin says. “‘Brexit’ is an internationalism, ie a word that is recognisable globally and has entered many other languages in its original form and meaning, instead of being translated.”

英国的全球影响力有利于这些词语的重塑拉力奇说：“英国在全球范围，特别是互联网上，意味着词语传播很快，而且能以前所未有的速度被不同的语言，或者英语不同的分支所吸收接纳“英国脱欧”是全球性质的，也就是说一个单词在全球范围内认可，并且以其原有形式和含义并入到其它语言中，而不是仅仅翻译过去。

”

There’s also the malleability of the word itself (and of parts of speech in the English language more generally). Fontaine comments: “‘Exit’ is one of these very flexible words that doesn’t easily get classified as a strict noun or as a strict verb. So I think that ambiguity is something that is an advantage for this kind of word, where you can capture a meaning that’s got movement to it, but use it as a noun instead. It opens up all kinds of potentials that it wouldn’t otherwise have.” Even though dictionaries are generally classing ‘Brexit’ as a noun, it’s undergoing a process of denominalisation, or verbing, such as in references to Brexiting.

另外还有单词本身的延展为（以及更为广义的英语词性）方丹评价说：“EXIT属于那种灵活的单词，不能被简单归类为严格意义上的名词，或者严格意义上的动词因此，我认为这种模棱两可的特性，让单词具备了某种优势你也可以描述成某个单词的动态含义，但是使用时候用名词格式。

它开启了在某种情况下不具备的各种可能性”尽管词典里一般将“脱欧”归类为名词，但这个词在经历一个名词到动词的转变，或者说动词化过程，例如人们经常提到“brexing”这个词Fontaine calls ‘Brexit’ a complex nominal, or a noun that packs in a great deal of meaning. Rather than using a wordy phrase like ‘the possible exit of Britain from the European Union’, Fontaine says, “it’s kind of got sentence grammar in a slot that’s normally filled by a noun.”

拉立奇说：“它是一个浓缩词，本身就是一个趣味组合，激发了人们去玩弄这种构词法的兴趣，萌生出了许多，如“悔脱”“悔离”“脱欧式”或者“脱欧列颠”这样的词汇这些单词言简意赅”Coffee TimeAnd though ‘Bremain’ is the converse of ‘Brexit’, Fontaine explains that “their individual grammar is quite different”. For one thing, it’s not as flexible: “You can’t talk about ‘the Remain’. It doesn’t have a noun counterpart.” And it’s less compelling as a word because, according to Fontaine, “There’s nothing exciting. There’s no risk, there’s no threat. It’s not newsworthy.”。

而且，尽管“留欧”是“脱欧”的反义词，但是方丹解释说，“他们各自的语法非常不同”首先，“留欧”不如“脱欧”那么灵活；“你无法去讨论“停留”它没有一个名词能进行对应而且，它作为单词毫无吸引力，按照方丹的话讲；“它没有任何让人兴奋的成分，没有风险，没有威胁，没有新闻价值。

”‘Brexit’ past and future“脱欧”的过去与未来It may seem that Brexit has captured the world’s imagination like no other single political coinage. But a precursor is the Watergate scandal in the 1970s. Watergate has continued to influence neologisms decades later, such as ‘Monicagate’ (for the affair between Monica Lewinsky and Bill Clinton) and ‘Piggate’ (for an unsavoury allegation involving David Cameron and an Oxford dining club).

看上去，脱欧似乎比其他任何新式政治词更加吸引全世界的想象力但他的前身，其实是上世纪70年代的水门丑闻几十年后，水门还是会继续影响着层出不穷的新词，例如“拉链门”（意指莫妮卡和克林顿的风流韵事）以及“猪门”（意指一桩涉及卡梅伦以及一家牛津大学餐饮俱乐部的不道德指控）。

As for the future of ‘Brexit’, regardless of what happens on 29 March? “What should happen with a word that’s this common and this frequent is that it should soon have a metaphoric use,” says Fontaine. It remains to be seen whether ‘pull a Brexit’ will refer in the future to dividing a country down the middle, or to ushering in a new period of prosperity and sovereignty.

至于脱欧的未来，难道要毫不在意3月29日会发生什么事情吗?方丹说：“对于一个如此普遍，使用如此频繁的词汇，应该发生的是他很快就会具有比喻的含义”“搞一场脱欧”在未来会是指代“让国家一分为二”，“还是开启繁荣和主权的新时期？”让我们拭目以待。

”The Brexit Lexicon will be at the Format Festival in Derby, UK from 15 March to 14 April.拓展阅读英国脱欧不仅影响了英语

而且也影响了英国的旅游业和英国的社交媒体以下拓展阅读不用翻墙就能读到请打开链接自行拓展哦

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